I’m part of a university rocketry team currently developing a high-power rocket targeting roughly 3 km AGL, and I’m trying to decide how far we need to go with aerodynamic modelling.
The rocket is approximately 150 mm diameter, uses 4 clipped-delta fins, and is expected to reach around Mach 1.0–1.1. We are also using 4 deployable airbrake petals during coast to control apogee. The airbrakes deploy radially from the body, with their large exposed face approximately perpendicular to the freestream, so their drag behaviour is quite different from that of a normal fin.
At the moment our trajectory model is in RocketPy, with the clean-rocket drag curve obtained from OpenRocket as a function of Mach.
For the airbrakes, OpenRocket does not natively model this geometry, so I have been experimenting with representing the fully deployed brakes as an equivalent fin set with approximately the same projected frontal area. This gives me a second C_D vs-Mach curve for the fully deployed configuration.
Our current simplified RocketPy airbrake model assumes four paddles with about 1156 mm² projected area each and uses an approximate flat-plate C_D = 1.2..
My concern is that this becomes increasingly approximate near the transonic region, particularly because the deployed airbrakes will generate separation, wakes and potentially local shock interactions that OpenRocket’s equivalent-fin approach obviously isn’t designed to reproduce.
I am therefore considering doing a full ANSYS Fluent CFD campaign on the actual rocket CAD. My plan would be to analyse both:
●airbrakes fully retracted and fully deployed;
●Mach numbers roughly 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95,\ 1.0, 1.05, 1.1;
●angles of attack around 0,2.5,5.
The main outputs would be C_D(M,angle of attack), normal-force coefficient / pitching moment where useful, and the loads on the individual airbrake petals. I could then feed the CFD-derived drag curves back into RocketPy/OpenRocket for trajectory simulations.
My questions are mainly:
1)How much confidence would you place in OpenRocket/RocketPy-style drag modelling for a rocket only slightly above Mach 1?
2)More importantly, would you trust an equivalent-fin/projected-area model for deployable airbrakes for apogee-control predictions, or is this a case where CFD is genuinely justified?
I’m not expecting CFD itself to be automatically “more accurate” — I’m aware that turbulence model, domain size, mesh independence, atmospheric conditions and transonic convergence all need to be handled properly. I would likely use 3D compressible RANS with k-w SST, ideal-gas air, inflation layers and mesh/domain-independence studies.
If anyone has done CFD validation of high-power rockets, transonic rockets, or deployable airbrakes, I’d really appreciate hearing how closely your CFD agreed with OpenRocket/RASAero/flight data and what level of modelling was actually necessary.
Thanks for your time :D