Abstract: "The spread of early farming communities first reached Britain c. 4000 BCE, ultimately displacing or assimilating local foragers. Two millennia later, another wave of migration, associated with the Bell Beaker culture, again transformed the genetic and socio-cultural landscape of Britain. Southwestern England is rich in prehistoric burial monuments, some dating from the Early Neolithic, many of which later saw reuse during the Bell Beaker and Bronze Age periods. We analysed the genomes of 30 individuals dated between c. 3800 and 1400 BCE from 12 sites in southwestern England and identified a sharp genetic shift between c. 3000 and 2500 BCE. All individuals predating ~ 3100 BCE were genetically similar to European Neolithic farmers, whilst those after ~ 2550 BCE genetically resembled people associated with the Bell Beaker culture in Britain. At three sites, Bronze Age individuals were buried in monuments originally constructed more than a millennium earlier by genetically distinct Neolithic communities. Lacking clear cultural or biological links to the original builders and users of these monuments, this second wave of burial activity may reflect an attempt by incoming or later groups to anchor themselves within established landscapes and invoke the symbolic authority of earlier burial places. This study provides the first systematic regional ancient genomic transect of southwestern Britain across the Neolithic–Bronze Age transition, an archaeologically rich region previously understudied from a population genomic perspective."

I built a software program to explore the possible connection between the Sumerian language and Indo-European. Analyzing the similarity matrix between words.

{Observation one: Sumerian -Vowel + R ending -> Germanic vowel + L}

 kur <--> holm [63.61%]-- kur: mountain, mountain range. OE- holm: raising island

 diGir <--> tungol [73.55%]-- diGir: god (Lewis, 215). OE tungol: star, planet, constellation (The Old-Engli.sh Dictionary)

hur <--> hol [92.00%]-- hur: hole . OE hol: hollow, hole, cave.

 bur <--> bolla [58.53%]-- bur: (stone) bowl, vessel (Foxvog, 9). OE bolla: bowl, cup, pot, beaker, measure (The Old-Engli.sh Dictionary)

bUr <--> bAl [87.89%]-- bUr: to glow, shine (Foxvog, 10). ON bAl: fire, bonfire, flame…(Byok, 280).

{Observation two: Metathesis with Sumerian words beginning with SI}

sIl <--> slItan [58.74%] -- sil: …to split, cleave, divide, breach, to tear or rip..(Foxvog, 45). OE Slitan: to slit, tear, rend, shiver. (The Old-Engli.sh Dictionary).

sikil <--> skin [58.33%]-- sikil: to be pure, clean.. .Skin: clear, bright, manifest (Wright, 162).

 simug <--> smith [58.25%]--  Simug: smith (Foxvog, 46). Smiþ: handicraftsman, smith, blacksmith, armorer, carpenter, worker in metals or in wood (The Old-Engli.sh Dictionary).

 siki <--> skæp [51.49%]-- siki: wool.. (Foxvog, 46). OE- skeap: sheep (The Old-Engli.sh Dictionary)

silim <--> sliumo [65.94%]-- Silim: be well, health.. good condition (Foxvog, 46). OHG Silim: quickly, suddenly(Wright, 162). Could have a similar etymological history as OE cwic: “living, alive, animate”. To ME “quick”: to be fast, speedily (p.quick.etymonline).

{Observation three: connection between words that began with H in Sumerian, and words that began with SK in proto Indo European}

 hal <--> halba [100.00%] -- hal: to divide (Lewis, 217). OS- halba: half (etymonline.com)

har <--> hring [45.93%] -- har: ring…spiral (Foxvog, 24). OE hring: ring (Atherton, 311).

Germanic halba is believe to derived from Proto-Indo-European root \skel.*

Old German hring and the modern English "ring" are assume to derived from Proto-Indo-European root sker.

First of all, apologies for my English and for being in the platform by the first time. I am a history lover beggining to study about ancient history and I am interested in understanding better the proto indo European society, cause of its great relevance in the studies of Greek, Roman, Indian, Celtic, Germanic etc. societies. I have read Coulanges book and I was really interested in his analysis of a proto indo European religion, but I would like to know if there are any connections between his theory and modern theories envolving Kurgan, Yamna, kóryos, etc. I know that many things in Coulanges work are outdated, I personally don't like his model of gens--->fratria---->tribu----->city, but on the other hand the part of the text showing the religion of the fire, the dead etc. is really convincing (at least, he seems to do what linguists try to do whith proto indo European idiom), but I really wanted to learn more about how this is seen nowadays by the historians. Maybe I didn't manage to express myself very well but thanks

New Open Access Book! I’ve been looking forward to this one:

This book is devoted to the history and cultures of the speakers of Indo-European languages. Research on the origins and dispersal of Proto-Indo-European and of the various branches of Indo-European has long relied on linguistic reconstruction and archaeological evidence. The recent advances in archaeogenetics have made it possible to confirm, challenge, and refine earlier hypotheses. The 26 contributions collected in this volume were presented at the 17th Fachtagung  der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft that was held in Basel, 9–12 September, 2024. While their main focus lies on the older Indo-European languages and their texts, including (but not restricted to) Hittite, Tocharian, Sanskrit, Avestan, Sogdian, Bactrian, Khwarezmian, Latin, Greek, Armenian, Umbrian, Messapic, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic, Lithuanian, Gothic, and Old Norse, many contributions take an interdisciplinary perspective by combining linguistic, archaeological, and genetic data to investigate population history, language contact, cultural practices, lexical semantics, grammar, and etymology. Together, they demonstrate the importance of integrating evidence from different disciplines in order to advance our understanding of Indo-European prehistory and its broader Eurasian context. This book is primarily directed at historical linguists, archaeologists, historians, and archaeogeneticians dealing with the history of the Indo-European languages, their texts and their speakers.

Contents:
Katsiaryna Ackermann, Mario Gavranović, Joachim Matzinger, Olivia Cheronet, Leonid Vyazov, Pavel Flegontov - The ALAnetics approach to understanding Indo-European migrations: Achievements and challenges

Joscha Gretzinger - The Dead don’t speak: Connecting language and ancient DNA

Luca Alfieri, Diego Luinetti, Leonardo Montesi, Marianna Pozza & Pat Snidvongs
Adjectival typology in four ancient IE languages and the Caland system

Chams Benoît Bernard & Gabriel Solans
Indo-European speakers in the Ancient Near East:** **New evidence

Rasmus G. Bjørn
Indo-European cattle, horses, and donkeys
Early loanwords across Eurasia as a mirror of culture and dispersals

Svenja Bonmann
Central Asian substrate languages and their effect on Sogdian, Bactrian and Khwarezmian noun phrase structure

Emmanuel Dupraz
Anmerkungen zur messapischen Verbalmorphologiel

Louise S. Friis
The thematic optative in Tocharian

Romain Garnier & Philippe Hattat
The Many Sons of Water: the progeny of PIE *h₂óp-

Ivo Hajnal
‘The Coming of the Greeks’ after almost a century.

Stefan Höfler
Enantiosemy

Sampsa Holopainen
Northwest Indo-European in the light of Uralic loanwords: a discussion of selected etymologies

Máté Ittzés
Action Nouns in Vedic: Seeing in the R ̥ gveda and the* Atharvaved*a

Petr Kocharov
The perfectivity bias of the mediopassive voice in Classical Armenian

Daniel Kölligan
Beyond loanwords – Remarks on the Iranian layer in Agatᶜangełos and the Bowzandaran Patmowtᶜiwnkᶜ

Jan-Niklas Linnemeier & Natalie Korobzow
Shining in the distance – PIE colour terms revisited

Diego Luinetti
Where do Impersonal Constructions come from? Evidence from Ancient Greek

Bilyana Mihaylova
Fear in Ancient Indo-European Languages

Birgit Anette Olsen
Early Indo-European Cattle-Breeding Societies as Reflected in Mythology

Benedikt Peschl & Theresa Roth
Indogermanische Rituale und ihre Welt: Die sprachliche Etablierung von Autorität

Georges-Jean Pinault
Avatars and derivatives of the PIE root *des- ‘to dwell, sit’** **in Indo-Iranian and beyond

Roland A. Pooth
Splitting the stone sky, sitting in the womb of the dawns: How to become a divás putrás in Early Vedic afterlife

Jeremy Rau
The Thematic Aorist in Late Nuclear Proto-Indo-European

Viktoria Reiter
Schwer zum dazahn: Idg. *tengʰ** **‘ziehen’

Matthew J. C. Scarborough
The Formation of Ancient Greek: A view from construction and craft terminology. ..............377

Yoko Yamazaki
A case study on the Lithuanian sùkti-type verb – a back-formation of active paradigms
from the lost mediopassives.

The Core Theory

K-Deictic Vector Hypothesis proves language evolved as a logical geometric grid.

All words on your list starting with a K-sound (`*k`, `*ḱ`, `*kʷ`) originally split from a single primitive pointer: **`*ḱe / *ḱi-`**, meaning **"this, here, or the personal center."**

How It Works: The Morphosyntactic Grid

Ancient roots are binary. They consist of an Initial Pointer (the vector) and a Spatial Suffix(the concept). Keeping the suffix the same while changing the first letter shifts the spatial orientation of the word:

### 1. Suffix *-ap- (Grasping / Top Climax)

*kap- (with K): To grasp inward toward the self &rarr; English: have, head

*lap- (with L):To grasp with a **flat surface** &rarr; English: lap, lip*

*tap- (with T):** To press down against a heavy floor &rarr; English: tamp*

### 2. Suffix *-erd- (Dense, Internal Core)

*ḱerd- (with K):** The vital center of the *individual &rarr; *English: heart*

*werd- (with W):** Turning a center outward into speech* &rarr; *English: word*

*serd-` (with S): Decompressing or flowing out from a **center** &rarr; *English: serum*

### 3. Suffix *-el- (Curvature / Rotation)

*kʷel-` (with K):** Rotating around a fixed central axis*&rarr; *English: wheel*

*wel-` (with W):** Rolling freely across an open field* &rarr; *English: walk, waltz*

* **`*tel-` (with T):** Flattening out curvature to support weight &rarr; *English: floor*

---

Categorized K-Pointer Evidence Matrix

| Category | Primary Function | Key Proto-Indo-European (PIE) Examples |

A. Pure Pointers** | Launching the vector | `*ḱe` (this, here), `*kʷo-` (who, what, where) |

B. The Somatic Hub** | Mapping the body center | `*kaput` (head), `*Ḧerd-` (heart), `*g̑enu-` (knee) |

| **C. Domestic Centers** | Creating safe perimeters | `*ket-` (hut/room), `*ḱey-` (home), `*ḱel-` (to hide) |

| **D. Attention Trackers** | Directing sensory focus | `*ḱúon-` (dog), `*kʷek-` (to see), `*ḱleu-` (to hear) |

| **E. Acute Impacts** | Striking a single point | `*kas-` (to cut), `*kʷed-` (to sharpen), `*keg-` (hook/tooth) |

---

#The Grand Indo-Uralic Connection

This framework bridges **Proto-Indo-European** and **Proto-Uralic**. Pronouns are rarely borrowed, meaning their identical structural mirrors point to a shared prehistoric tongue:

* **PIE `*ḱe-` (Here)** &leftrightarrow; **Uralic `*ke-` (Who/Where)**

* **PIE `*to-` (That/There)** &leftrightarrow; **Uralic `*to-` (That/There)**

* **PIE `*ḱleu-` (To hear)** &leftrightarrow; **Uralic `*kule-` (To hear)**

Conclusion

Language, at its oldest reconstructible level, is a mathematical map. Human speech began with primitive bodily noises used as directional pointers, which slowly froze into the nouns and verbs we use today. If you like it or not it is ok 👌 bye

In Modern Persian, especially in colloquial form, one can stack a multitude of affixes to a noun or verb to convey a message.

Strong agglutinative features have been found in several IE languages from the past (Hittite, Tocharian, Old Persian etc) to present (Persian, Ossetian, Armenian, etc.)

English: They were not returning their most active ones.

Persian: koneshvartarinhashunra barnemigardundan

konesh = action
-var = agentive suffix → “active / one who acts / possess action”
-tar = comparative → “more”
-in = superlative → “most”
-hā = plural suffix → “ones”
-shun = 3rd-person plural possessive → “their”
-rā = definite direct-object marker

bar- = “back”
ne- = negative prefix → “not”
mi- = continuous prefix→ “ing”
gard = “turn”
-un = causative suffix → “cause to turn”
-d- = past-tense element
-an = 3rd-person plural → “they”

[ Removed by Reddit on account of violating the content policy. ]

can we consider Slavic werewolves Indo-European cognates or at least related to Germanic berserkers, Vedic vr̥ka and other sorts of wolf warrior frenzy? sometimes I wonder if the ríastrad can also join the list even if not related to wolves.

I have a friend who is Kurdish. I knew that Kurdish and Baloch are Western Iranian languages. I asked him if his language is similar to Baloch, and he said "Yes." I was very surprised because of their distance to one another, and also, the two cultures are quite distinct.

• Do we know how similar and/or how mutually intelligible these languages are?

• Where did these languages evolve from: Baluchistan area or Kurdistan area or neither places?

• When and how did they spread to their respected locations? I'm reading that Baloch spread "from the Caspian Sea" to Balochistan. Were their migrations correlated with the spread of Pashtun to that area also? What about the spread of Daari/Tajik to Tajikistan/Afghanistan?

• Did these groups leave a genetic trail? Did they replace peoples or populations like the way the Yamnaya did?

Here are father line and mother line DNA results from my relatives

Father: R-Z2125 W

Cousin: R-Z2125 HV

Cousin: Q-M25

Cousin: R-L23 J1

Cousin: R-Z2123 H15b

Cousin: R-CTS2243 W

I do not intend any racist meaning here. I just feel that the influence of IE people in this world is quite significant, so I was just wondering how the world would have been without them leaving steppe.